Introduction to Coriander Seed:
Iran is considered one of the major commercial producers of coriander seed. The coriander plant has been cultivated in various regions of Iran since ancient times. In traditional Iranian medicine, coriander seeds are widely used for treating digestive disorders, hernia, diarrhea, colitis, and other stomach ailments.
Coriander seed is primarily used in medicine as a remedy for indigestion, as an anti-worm agent, for rheumatism, and joint pain. The aromatic coriander seeds are also used as a spice in pickles, curry powder, sausages, cakes, pastries, biscuits, and bread.
Coriander essential oil is used in the food industry as a flavoring agent in products such as soda, cocoa, and chocolate. This essential oil is also utilized in medical sciences as a flavoring or anti-bloating agent. Previous studies indicate that the compound linalool is the main component of the seed, and this compound is found only in coriander seeds.
Coriander Seed Sowing Method
Suitable Climate for Coriander and Cultivation Areas:
Coriander generally belongs to warm regions and cannot tolerate cold and frost. However, depending on climatic conditions and production goals, it can be cultivated in winter or spring, or grown year-round for leaf production. Cooler climates during the early growth period promote vegetative growth and increased leaf production, while warmer climates are more suitable for seed production. In contrast, dry and relatively warm climates are better suited for coriander growth. Seed germination significantly decreases at temperatures below 10°C and above 30°C. For seed production, a dry and cold climate without frost, especially during the flowering and seed formation period, is essential. Overcast and humid weather during this period promotes aphid infestation and the spread of diseases. Additionally, excessive rainfall, high humidity, and strong winds during seed formation disrupt the seed formation process and reduce yield.
Suitable Soil for Coriander Seed Sowing:
Coriander seeds can be cultivated in various types of agricultural soil, both under irrigation and rain-fed conditions. In irrigated cultivation, coriander grows well in soils with sufficient organic matter. However, in rain-fed cultivation, heavy soils with high water retention capacity are more suitable. Soils with a pH close to 7 are optimal for the growth and quality improvement of coriander. Saline, alkaline, and sandy soils are not very suitable for coriander.
Soil Preparation Steps for Coriander Seed Sowing:
The land is plowed three times with a plow or cultivator to make the soil suitable for coriander sowing. To preserve soil moisture and prevent clod formation, the land is immediately harrowed after plowing. If soil moisture is not adequate, it is better to irrigate before soil preparation, as sufficient moisture is necessary for better seed germination. In rain-fed conditions, plowing should be done immediately after a suitable rainfall to ensure adequate soil moisture.
Best Sowing Time for Coriander Seed:
Coriander seeds require sufficient moisture and temperatures above 10°C for germination. Coriander is sensitive to cold and frost; therefore, in cold regions, sowing should be done at the end of winter or early spring. In warm regions with mild winters and no frost, coriander can also be sown in autumn. For spring cultivation, sowing should be done as soon as the field conditions are suitable for better performance. Late sowing and exposure to hot weather cause the plants to flower prematurely, which reduces both leaf and seed yield. For autumn sowing, it is necessary to wait for the temperature to drop. Temperatures above 30°C cause damage to seedlings and reduce field density. Coriander can be produced at any time of the year, except during the hot months. Additionally, coriander can be grown and produced year-round under controlled greenhouse conditions.
Seed Quantity Per Hectare:
For one hectare of coriander cultivation, 20 to 25 kilograms of seed are required. Coriander seeds are typically crushed underfoot or rubbed by hand. They are then treated with an appropriate fungicide, such as "Thiram," at a rate of 2.5 grams per kilogram of seed.
The coriander seeds are spread across the field using a seed spreader or planted at a depth of 0.6 to 0.8 centimeters by a seed planter. The row spacing is 25 to 30 centimeters, and the spacing between plants is 10 to 15 centimeters. 3 to 4 seeds are planted in each hole. If the seeds are spread manually or with a seed spreader, they must be mixed with the soil using a rake or disk. Sometimes, to enhance moisture absorption and improve germination, the seeds are soaked in water for 12 to 14 hours. The excess moisture is then removed by placing the seeds on a cloth in the shade, and the ready seeds are sown. This method ensures better seed treatment and improves germination.
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